ASSESSING THE ECOLOGICAL RAMIFICATIONS OF OFFSHORE SOLAR FARMS ON FISH POPULATIONS IN EUROPEAN MARINE ECONOMIES

Abstract

The implementation of the European Union’s National Renewable Energy Action Plans regulation in 2009 has facilitated the expansion of offshore solar power. This development presents potential implications for marine ecosystems and fish habitats. However, the degree of these effects is influenced by several factors, including project design, geographic location, and operational practices. It is essential to objectively assess the outcomes of these policies to inform both their ongoing implementation and future improvements. Rigorous evaluation ensures that policy decisions are based on evidence and can effectively address environmental and energy objectives. This study analyzes panel data from 27 European Union member states, covering the period from 1990 to 2023. A heterogeneous timing difference-in-difference model is employed to evaluate the impact of transformation policies on the expansion of offshore solar farms and their effects on marine ecosystems. The policies have significantly encouraged offshore solar power production in Western European Union member states. In contrast, similar effects were not observed in Central and Eastern European member states. The expansion of offshore solar farms has had a less significant effect on reducing ocean acidification in Western European countries compared to Central and Eastern European countries. The findings were validated through a placebo test, confirming the effectiveness of the policy measures.